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Participles:

A participle is a verbal that acts as an adjective, modifying nouns or pronouns. 

There are two types of participles: The Present Participle and The Past Participle. 

The Present Participle indicates as an active voice, or an activity in progress, and ends in –ing.  The Past Participle indicates a passive voice, or a perfect condition and ends in –ed.      

The difference between a present participle and a gerund is that a gerund is a verbal that functions as a noun. 

Examples of the use of Gerund: 

(1) Living in Paris is fun. 

(2) Reading is hard.

(3) I do not like your shouting right at my face.

 (4) He is obsessed with drinking.

Examples for the use of Participles:

(1) Used as an adjective –

A drowning person

A crying baby

A drunk driver

A broken vase

(2) Used to state an activity in progress –

He is waiting for John to show up.

(3) Used to state a perfect condition –

He has forgotten to show up at John’s party.

He had forgotten to show up at John’s party.

(4) Used as a passive voice –

He was bullied by his classmates.

He is bullied by his classmates.

(5) Used to make one sentence out of two -

He saw us running down the street. = He saw us.  We ran down the street

He came to the meeting fully rejuvenated. = He came to the meeting.  He was fully rejuvenated.

(6) Used after sense verbs –

The event sounds exciting.

He saw us running down the street.

(7) Used after verbs of “rest” and “movement”

He came sneaking up on me.

(8) Used to shorten relative clause –

Children introduced to music early have a tendency to excel in academics

= Children who are introduced to music early have a tendency to excel in academics.

She is the girl living in Paris

= She is the girl who lives in Paris .

I am mad at all the people showing up at the party. 

= I am mad at all the people who show up at the party.

(9) Used instead of a subordinate clause –

Not feeling well, I went home early

= As I did not feel well, I went home early.

Walking down the street, he saw a house on fire

= When he walked the street, and he saw a house on fire.

Having finished his homework, he went downstairs to have a workout.

= As he had finished his homework, he went downstairs to have a workout.

Having been sick for several days, I decide to see a doctor

= Since I have been sick for several days, I decided to see a doctor.

= Sick for several days, I decided to see a doctor

Bullied by his classmates, he became very antisocial. 

= Because he was bullied by his classmates, he became very antisocial.

Although having been trained to be a top scientist, I still failed to become one

= Although I had been trained to be a top scientist, I still failed to become one.

Although (being) trained to be a top scientist, I still failed to become one

= Although I was trained to be a top scientist, I still failed to become one.

John’s father diagnosed with cancer and administered to the hospital, he took a family leave of absence. 

= John’s father was diagnosed with cancer and was administered to the hospital, so he took a family leave of absence.

While walking down the street, he saw a house on fire.

= While he was walking down the street, he saw a house on fire.

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