which vs. where, which vs. that, 關代的限定用法 vs. 非限定用法 @ ELISA ENGLISH's Blog 英語園地

Which vs. Where:

1. I like to go to a park which is very quiet 這裡的which是不是可以換成where呢?

=> No. 用法有些不同

(A) I like to go to a park which is very quiet.

= I like to go to a park that is very quiet.

我喜歡去一個非常安靜的公園

=> which, that (關代)

關代所代替的名詞為「先行詞」，關代所引導的子句為「形容詞子句」
a park - 名詞 (先行詞)

Which, that - 關代

Which is very quiet, that is very quiet -形容詞子句

** The park is very quiet.

It is a very quiet park.

這是一個非常安靜的公園

形容詞子句當修飾人或物, 用 who, whom, which, that 等關係代名詞連接。

See 何為形容詞子句? http://elisaenglish.pixnet.net/blog/post/639459

(B) 換成where, 句子需要改為

I like to go to a park where it is very quiet.

= I like to go to a park in which it is very quiet.

我喜歡去一個裡面非常安靜的公園

** It is very quiet in the park.

公園內非常安靜

Which vs. That

Have you ever heard a story which touched your heart? 這裡的which等於that嗎?
什麼時候不使用which? 什麼時候不使用that ?

Have you ever heard a story which touched your heart?

= Have you ever heard a story that touched your heart?

什麼時候使用that 較使用which更為恰當?

以下情況使用that 較使用which更為恰當, 但使用which也沒有錯

(a) 在代名詞之後: all, any, anything, every, everything, few, little, many, much, no, nothing, none, some, something

He is all that she ever wants.

(b) 在回答 “what”的動詞之後: 例如: say, suggest, state, declare, hope, think, write, 等情況下：

(What does he suggest?)

He suggests that we wait for a few more days.

(c) 在由最高級形容詞修飾的名詞之後:

She is the tallest girl that I have ever seen.

(d) 在序數之後: 例如: first, second, third, fourth,…

He is the third person that does not criticize me.

(e) 如果在主句的動詞是BE動詞時:

It is a crime that nobody can solve.

什麼時候不能使用 that?

=> 非限定用法不能使用 that.

如果一個形容詞子句從句子移除，而主句的意思改變, 為限定子句。

通常與主句之間沒有加逗點分離. 大多數形容詞子句是限定用法

非限定用法的形容詞子句與主句之間有加逗點分離. 關係代名詞 “that” 不可用於非限定用法, 關係代名詞於非限定用法不可省略

關代的限定用法 vs. 非限定用法?
(I) 限定用法:

形容詞子句從句子移除，主句的意思改變

限定用法, 所指的不只一個

(a) Employers who care for their employees have higher employee satisfaction. (限定用法)

關心員工的雇主其員工滿意度較高

= Employers that care for their employees have higher employee satisfaction. (限定用法)

** Employers have higher employee satisfaction. (形容詞子句從句子移除，主句的意思改變 -限定用法)

雇主有較高的員工滿意度。（意思改變）

(b) My brother-in-law (who was) awarded with a Nobel Prize is 19 years old. (I have many brother-in-laws. I am talking about the brother-in-law who was awarded with a Nobel Prize)

我那個榮獲諾貝爾獎的姐夫是19歲 (我有不只一個姐夫)

(II) 非限定用法:

非限定用法表示所提供的資料是附加的，形容詞子句從句子移除，主句的意思不改變

非限定用法, 所指的只此一個, 所提供的資料是附加補充的

(a) Reading books, which I often do, help to increase my knowledge. （非限定用法）

看書，我經常這樣做，有利於增長知識。

Reading books help to increase my knowledge. (基本含義並沒有改變)

看書有助於提高我的知識

(b) My brother-in-law, who was awarded with a Nobel Prize, is 19 years old. (I have only one brother-in-law and he is 19 years old. By the way, he got a Nobel Prize. )

我的姐夫獲得了諾貝爾獎, 他19歲 (我只有一個姐夫)